What process eliminates many or all pathogenic microorganisms, except bacterial spores, on inanimate objects?

Disinfection is the process that targets and eliminates many or most pathogenic microorganisms on inanimate objects, although it does not destroy bacterial spores. This method involves the use of chemical agents, physical methods like heat, or UV light to reduce microbial load on surfaces to a level considered safe for public health.

Disinfection is critical in various healthcare settings and environments where hygiene is paramount, as it helps control the spread of infections. It is important to note that while disinfection significantly reduces the number of pathogens, some forms of resilient microscopic life, like bacterial spores, may still survive unless a more rigorous process — such as sterilization — is employed.

Sanitization, on the other hand, refers to processes that reduce the number of bacteria to a safe level but may not be effective against pathogens or viruses. Sterilization goes a step further by ensuring the complete elimination of all forms of microorganisms, including spores, which is not the case with disinfection. Cleaning refers to the physical removal of dirt and debris and does not necessarily kill pathogens.